Narrative
Text
Definition
Narrative text is a text which
retell story in the past.
Purpose
The basic purpose of narrative is
to entertain, to gain and hold a readers' interest. However narratives can also
be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinions eg soap
operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives
sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that
through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must
eventually find a way to be resolved.
Types
of narrative
There are many types of narrative.
They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy
stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure
stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of
life, personal experience.
Features
1. Characters
with defined personalities/identities.
2. Dialogue
often included - tense may change to the present or the future.
3. Descriptive
language to create images in the reader's mind and enhance the story.
Structure
In a Traditional Narrative
the focus of the text is on a series of actions:
1. Orientation: (introduction)
in which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usually
answers who? when? where? eg. Mr Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark
gloomy night.
2. Complication
or problem: The complication usually involves the main character(s) (often
mirroring the complications in real life).
3. Resolution: There
needs to be a resolution of the complication. The complication may be resolved
for better or worse/happily or unhappily. Sometimes there are a number of
complications that have to be resolved. These add and sustain interest and
suspense for the reader.
Example
The Myth of
Malin Kundang
A long time ago, in a small village
near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin
Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's
father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with
his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy,
dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting
fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was
sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of
pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang
defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return
the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin
Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang
became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading
trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his
trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers
recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich
and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to
meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug
him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately,
when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife
and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For
three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at
her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never
had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his
crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was
full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin
Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang
just laughed and really set sail.
In
the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge
ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was
thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really
too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.
Question of the text:
1. Who
is Malin Kundang?
Answer:
Malin kundang is a son of a woman who was a single parent because Malin
Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby.
2. Where
is Maling Kundang live?
Answer:
Maling Kundang live in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra.
3. How
is the end of Maling Kundang story?
Answer:
The end of story is Maling Kundang turned into a stone.
4. Why
Malin Kundang hated her mother?
Answer:
Malin Kundang hated his mother because hir mother is a old woman and he thought
her mother is a ugly woman.
5. When
Malin Kundang left his mother?
Answer:
Malin Kundang left his mother when he helped a merchant's ship which was being
raided by a small band of pirates and the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail
with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. So, he left his mother.
6. What
is Malin Kundang said to his mother?
Answer:
Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother
like you, a dirty and ugly woman!"
Definition
Discussion is a text which present
a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different
viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social
text.
Purpose
To present argument and information
from differing viewpoints.
Generic
Structure of Discussion
1. Statement
of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
2. List
of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
3. List
of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
4. Recommendation;
stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse
Language
Feature of Discussion
1. Introducing
category or generic participant
2. Using
thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
3. Using
additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however,
etc
4. Using
modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
5. Using
adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example
of Discussion
The Ban on
Smoking in Public Places
Smoking ban in public places has
been a hot issue these last months not only in Malta but also in various
countries who are discussing the effects a ban would have. There have been
several debates on smoking ban. Even though the harmful effects of smoking,
both active and passive, are well known and undeniable smoking is far from
being in decline; it is spreading among young people in particular
quickly.
Most controversial debate is going
on public smoking ban. The reason is simple, smoking ban affects directly all
people rapidly and we can see its effects in a short-term period. There have
been a lot of arguments brought up both in favour and against a public smoking
ban. Some of the arguments in favour are the following. Smoking ban is one of
the controversial ways for reducing smoking and recognizing non-smokers’ right
to health protection. The health risks of smoking are clear. Passive smoking
does carry risks. Many leading medical and scientific organizations recognize
second hand smoke as a cause of a range of life-threatening conditions. The
health situation could be drastically improved if one of the risk factors -
tobacco - was eliminated. People have a right to protect themselves from smoke
inhalation. People shouldn’t have to inhale the ill-effects of other people’s
smoking. The creation of smoke-free public places also improves air
quality.
Those opposing a smoking ban say
that freedom of choice would be affected by such legislation. Some people
against a ban say that smoking bans damage business. A smoking ban could lead
to a significant fall in earnings from bars, restaurants and casinos. Another
argument is that the smoker has a basic human right to smoke in public places,
and the ban is a limitation for smokers’ rights. Businesses, smokers,
publicans, tobacco industries, stars, and some of the non-smokers oppose public
smoking ban. Smokers light a cigarette because they need to smoke, not because
they want it, because nicotine is physically addictive. Therefore, some smokers
think that the public smoking ban is oppressiveness. They see the ban as a
treatment to smokers as second-class citizens. Smokers agree that the smoking
ban benefits the world, but cannot support the ban, because effects of nicotine
obstruct them.
Public smoking ban needs to be
measured and understood better. Smokers should not be made to look like
outcasts, but smokers should respect non-smokers when sharing places. I agree
that completely smoke-free places are the ideal, and some businesses have taken
the decision to go completely smoke-free. However, everyone agrees that, it is
a matter of rights - the right of smokers to smoke versus non-smokers to
protect from passive smoking and to breathe clean air.
Question:
1. Where
is the issue of ‘The Ban on Smoking in Public Places’?
Answer:
Issue of ‘The ban on Smoking in Public Places’ happened in Malta but also in
various countries.
2. How
to prevent the effects of smoking?
Answer:
To prevent the effect of smoking by holding a smoking ban in public places.
3. Why
‘The Ban on Smoking in Public Places’ be a controversial debate?
Answer:
‘The Ban on Smoking in Public Places’ be a controversial debate because there
have been a lot of arguments brought up both in favour and against a public
smoking ban. Some of the arguments say smoking ban is one of the controversial
ways for reducing smoking and recognizing non-smokers’ right to health
protection. And those opposing a smoking ban say that freedom of choice would
be affected by such legislation and some people against a ban say that smoking
bans damage business.
4. When
smoking is banned?
Answer:
Smoking is banned when we are in the public area.
5. Who
are will take the effects of smoking?
Answer:
They are smokers and non-smokers, both of them will be sick.
6. What
the opposing a smoking ban say?
Answer:
Opposing a smoking ban say that freedom of choice would be affected by such
legislation and some people against a ban say that smoking bans damage business.
Explanation
Text
Definition
of Explanation Text
The explanation text type tells how
or why something occurs. It looks at the steps rather than the things. The
purpose of an explanation is to tell each step of the process (the how) and to
give reasons (the why). (Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, 1997:81) Explanation
is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social,
scientific, and cultural phenomena.
According to Mark Anderson and
Kathy Anderson (1997: 82) says that the explanation text type is often used to
tell how and why thing (phenomena) occur in nature. Some examples of
explanations are: How something occurs, why something happened, why things are
a like or different, how to solve a problem, etc.
Purpose
An explanation is used
to tell how or why something happens.
Features
of an explanation
According to Mark Anderson and
Kathy Anderson (1997: 82) features of an explanation consists of
1. Constructing
a written explanation. The steps for constructing a written explanation are:
·
A general statements about the event or
thing
·
A series of paragraphs that tell the
how’s or why’s
·
A concluding paragraph
2. Language
features in an explanation. The language features usually found in an
explanation are:
·
Technical language
·
Words that show cause and effect
·
Use of the timeless present tense
Explanation is a text which tells
processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific, and culture
phenomena.
Generic
structure of explanation
1. General
statement: stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained
2. Sequenced
explanation: stating the series of steps which explain the phenomena.
Example
Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from
the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami").
A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly
displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the
sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Such
large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are
particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser oceanic
plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves
under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates across
the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage.
Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind the initial wave
front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into
the coastal area.
Question:
1. Where
could tsunami happen?
Answer:
Tsunami could happen in the sea or a lake.
2. How
tsunami could happen?
Answer:
A tsunami happened when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces
the overlying water.
3. What
a definition of tsunami?
Answer:
A tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is
rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
4. When
could a tsunami happen?
Answer:
A tsunami could happen when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a
massive scale.
5. Who
are will be get damage of tsunami?
Answer:
They are people who live in coastal area.
6. Why
tsunami could happen?
Answer:
A tsunami cold happen because there is an earthquake in the sea.
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